The voice in "that voice from the world of men" refers to the voice of the traveler who is seeking admittance to the house (" 'Is there anybody there?' he said"), and it is from "the world of men" in contrast to the world not of men, or beyond men that exists inside the house, and which is inhabited by "only a host of phantom listeners." The impression is that those listeners inside of the house are perhaps ghosts or spirits of some kind. This is implied most of all by the word "phantom" in the quotation above but also by the reference to "their strangeness" which the traveler "felt" and by the description of them "thronging the faint moonbeams on the dark stair." This last quotation suggests that these "listeners" exist in the air, illuminated only by the shafts of moonlight that penetrate the windows. They are ethereal, and immaterial. Nonetheless, they may be real, meaning that they might really exist outside of the traveler's mind. Or, as the word phantom sometimes suggests, they might be illusory, a projection of the traveler's imagination, existing only inside his mind.
Either way, the traveler's voice, calling repeatedly, "Is anybody there," goes unanswered. The real mystery of this poem is why the listeners choose not to respond to his voice, the only voice from "the world of men." They certainly seem to hear him ("Stood listening...they heard his foot upon the stirrup"), and he has been asked to call on the house ("Tell them I came...that I kept my word"), but still they do not respond. The fact that the traveler's voice is described as "that voice from the world of men" could suggest that it is not so much the individual traveler but the "world of men" that they will not, or cannot, respond to. Perhaps they are ghosts or spirits from the afterlife that are unable or unwilling to make themselves heard across the divide between their world of spirits and the corporeal world of the traveler.
It is reputed that near the end of his life, the poet, Walter De La Mere, told a friend that this poem was "about a man encountering a universe." If this is so, then perhaps the traveler seeking admittance, waiting for an answer or response from inside the house, represents mankind, and the "phantom listeners" inside the house, listening but not responding, represent the universe, whether this be spirits, God/s, or the cosmos in a broader sense. We have all, like the traveler, tried to find a greater meaning to life and sought answers from the world in which we exist. And it is likely too that we have all felt that deafening, indifferent, and infuriating silence in response ("their stillness answering his cry"). That "voice from the world of men" is then the voice of us all, sometimes lonely ("the lonely Traveler's call"), sometimes desperate ("he suddenly smote on the door"), and often seeking answers that do not come but which leave only our questions "echoing through the shadowiness of the still house."
https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/2012/05/there-anybody-there-century-listeners/
Line 16 of Walter De La Mare's "The Listeners" contains that particular phrase. It does make more sense with a few of the lines preceding it because the preceding lines allow the "voice from the world of men" to be part of an entire thought.
But only a host of phantom listeners
That dwelt in the lone house then
Stood listening in the quiet of the moonlight
To that voice from the world of men:
The phantom listeners in the house are listening to a voice from the world of men. The voice is coming from an actual man that is in the house. The opening line of the poem introduces readers to "the Traveller." We don't know much about him, but we do know that he expects somebody to be at the house. He knocks on the door and is met with silence. He then knocks on the door a second time and verbally calls out.
And he smote upon the door again a second time;
‘Is there anybody there?’ he said.
His inquiring call is the voice from the world of men that the phantom listeners hear.
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