What are examples of authority and responsibility in management?

In business, authority and responsibility need to be aligned appropriately, with the person responsible for certain outcomes having the authority to make them happen.
Authority refers to the official capacity to make a decision or take an action. For example, a manager might have the authority to make a hiring decision, decide to spend a certain amount of money on something, choose a supplier, set deadlines and priorities, or sign a purchase order. A secretary might have the authority to sign certain documents, schedule meeting rooms, or issue purchase orders for routine restocking of office supplies. Salespeople might have the authority to offer certain specific discounts to customers.
Responsibility means having a certain duty or obligation with a concomitant consequence for success or failure. A project manager may be responsible for the completion of a project in time and under budget. In other cases, the consequences can be severe. In the case of disasters such as the explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger or the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon oil spills, responsibility can be very serious, as the consequence of, for example, allowing a shuttle launch to go forward despite known issues with O-ring performance in cold weather resulted in the deaths of seven astronauts. Responsibility for disasters in some cases can lead to criminal convictions for individuals or huge fines for companies.
https://www.engineering.com/Blogs/tabid/3207/ArticleID/170/categoryId/7/The-Space-Shuttle-Challenger-Disaster.aspx

In management, authority plays a major role in directing and controlling the resources available. Authority provides one with the power and ability to make decisions that affect the members of an institution and the tasks they perform. For instance, the leader of a team can delegate duties to other team members. However, the leader is expected to make the final decision based on sound judgment and best practices for the benefit of the task at hand.
Responsibility is the obligation to perform a task. The person responsible for the work is answerable for the results. For instance, a project manager is expected to deliver on the tasks related to the project as required by his/her superior.  Thus, responsibility also refers to the tasks and duties assigned to the project manager. The project manager may be required to coordinate the team. Organizing the team becomes the project manager's responsibility.
https://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2010/07/authority-responsibility-and.html

What was the significance of the short story "Gaston"?

The significance of William Saroyan's short story "Gaston" is that it shows the importance of judging people by their inner qualities instead of their outward appearances. Most people would squash a bug without really thinking about it. Yet the father in the story chooses not to do so. He tries to empathize with the little creature, imagining how he feels. He even gives the bug a name, Gaston.
The father's tolerant attitude even extends to a flawed peach, which he refuses to throw away, even though it's been damaged by the very same bug. He uses the peach and the bug as moral examples, to instruct his daughter in the importance of valuing the world around us and everything in it, with all its many flaws and imperfections. The little girl also learns that it's not what's outside, but what's inside that counts. Her father may live in a shabby house—just like Gaston—but ultimately that doesn't matter. It's what's inside the house that makes it a home, and what's inside the dweller of the house that makes that individual what they truly are, be it bug or human being.

Give examples of Fitzgerald's view of the demise of American dream and upward social mobility.

The era in which The Great Gatsby is set was a time of growing wealth and opportunity in the United States. With growing wealth and opportunity came greater social mobility, with many people from relatively humble backgrounds getting a crack at the American Dream for the very first time.
However, as the American Dream became a reality to more people than ever before, it also had a baleful effect on those for whom it became almost an obsession. The headlong pursuit of wealth and social status corrupted many, and there are numerous examples of this in The Great Gatsby. In time, the American Dream declined, as the rampant selfishness of the 1920s gave way to the grim privations of the Great Depression. In the various characters of the story, we can see the seeds of the decline of America's foundational myth.
The most obvious place to start would be Jay Gatsby himself. If ever there was a poster boy for the American Dream and upward mobility, he is most definitely it. Originally hailing from a humble Midwestern background, Gatsby has transformed himself into a wealthy man, able to rub shoulders with the social elite at his famously lavish parties. Yet his success has come at a price. It is notable that he only got rich off the back of organized crime, through Meyer Wolfsheim and his notorious connections. Although this may well be an age of greater social mobility, there is a sense here that Fitzgerald is saying you always have to lose a little something of yourself to rise up in the world.
Even before Jay's criminal past is eventually revealed, he is still not fully accepted by the old money elite of East Egg. They are more than happy to mix with him socially and to attend his legendary soirees, but they will never accept him as one of their own. To them, he is still a parvenu—a vulgar, new-money arriviste who wears loud clothes and does not speak with the right accent. Rapid social advancement may be a characteristic of the Jazz Age, but there are still limits; the old money crowd are still in charge, and the likes of Jay Gatsby are never allowed to forget it.
Myrtle Wilson provides us with another example of this theme. She is a deeply unhappy woman, leading a boring, humdrum existence in the Valley of Ashes with her weak, unsuccessful husband. She craves a piece of the American Dream, yearning for a lifestyle of fancy clothes, ready cash, and high-class parties. That is why she thinks she is on to a good thing with her illicit affair with Tom Buchanan. He gives her a glimpse into a world that she could never hope to inhabit in a million years.
As with Jay, however, she does not truly belong in this world, and she is never accepted. Although Tom does not make much effort to hide his affair with Myrtle, there is still no way he would ever introduce his mistress to high society; she would be a monumental embarrassment to him. So Myrtle has to make do with an intimate gathering at Tom's bolt-hole in the city. Tom will give Myrtle a brief taste of life in the upper echelons of society but no more. She still needs to know her place. That is why the breaking of Myrtle's nose is so significant—she has started getting airs and graces, acting like she belongs among the upper-crust, so Tom feels like he has to put her back in her place.
Both Gatbsy and Myrtle Wilson are ultimately destroyed by their pursuit of the American Dream and their attempts at climbing the social ladder. It is not so much that they were wrong for wanting this, it is simply that they went about it the wrong way. They both tried to construct false identities for themselves in order to escape their less than distinguished pasts. In doing so, however, they lost sight of who and what they really were. For various reasons, they just could not be themselves.
That privilege remains with the East Eggers, the Tom Buchanans of this world. They can carry on with their lives safe in the knowledge that they will always somehow land on their feet no matter how hard times get. In the meantime, those corrupted by the American Dream, those less fortunate and less privileged in life, are forced to pick up the pieces of their broken lives and somehow figure out a way to move on.

Did the French Revolution have a better legacy of solving social inequality and economic problems than the American Revolution and the Glorious Revolution?

The French Revolution, more than the other two, was specifically aimed at improving the lot of all of humanity rather than simply changing the group of people that were in power. The fact that it broke up the feudal system and made the transfer of privileges via noble birth illegal has helped to lead to the robust civil institutions and laws that govern France now. The break up of the large farms owned by nobles or the church led to the establishment of individual farms that were profitable for their owners, where previously the profits were almost all taken by the noble lord or the church or others through various taxes, etc.
The intense focus on equality immediately and significantly changed the political system in France. Though they did not immediately rule out the possibility of a monarch, a great deal of power was given to ordinary citizens and the effort to distribute power among the citizenry also led France to extend universal suffrage not long after.
Currently, social mobility and levels of poverty are lower in France by most measures than both the U.K. and the U.S.. France incarcerates far fewer citizens than either of them and also has a more effective system of universal health care if one looks simply at outcome based measures of effectiveness. 
It is important to note that there are currently severe problems with the integration of refugee and immigrant populations in France that may present a new and different challenge. Some scholars have argued that the United States in particular does better at integrating immigrant populations than Western Europe which includes France. 
But the previously mentioned factors of less economic inequality, a significantly stronger social safety net and more economic and social mobility by many measures would suggest that the French Revolution does indeed have a better legacy than the American Revolution and the Glorious Revolution.

In the novel Somebody, Please Tell Me Who I Am by Henry Mazer and Peter Legranis, which character has a disability?

In Harry Mazer's novel "Somebody, Please Tell Me Who I Am," the protagonist, Ben Bright, experiences traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a soldier in Iraq, which causes physical and emotional disabilities. The novel effectively conveys Ben's journey from total breakdown to struggle for recollection and self-definition to triumph of spirit -- without necessitating a final, miraculous, physical recovery to his pre-war state. After sustaining TBI, Ben literally cannot remember who he is or any details of his life thus far; the explosion also incapacitates his ability  to move and even speak. Consequently, the healing process is grueling and painful, as unwanted flashbacks re-trigger trauma, impeding Ben's ability to integrate old memories into his present life and sense of self. This is further complicated by the fact that he doesn't remember anyone from his previous life except his friend Chris, which makes his fiancee, Ariela, extremely upset; this highlights the collateral consequences of Ben's disability on his loved ones.

What are the internal and external conflicts faced by main characters in book The Lightning Thief ?

In Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, there are three main characters: Percy, Annabeth, and Grover. Each of them has different conflicts they deal with in the text.
Percy deals with many external conflicts by doing things like learning to sword fight, mastering his Poseidon-like powers, and overcoming the minions and allies of Hades. Some of the most critical external conflicts are when Percy faces Gorgons at the beginning of his journey and when he fights against Ares, the god of war, after learning that Ares is in on the plot to cause a war between the "Big Three" gods.
Percy has some internal conflicts as well, such as his poor relationship with his father and his lack of confidence in himself. Percy has been a screw-up most of his life, but his demigod status, which is responsible for his dyslexia, ADHD, and failure in school, is kept hidden from him to protect him. He struggles with an inferiority complex through most of the book and only comes into his own through the journey of all five books in the series. He also struggles because he is angry at his father, who never contacted him, but still has to try to help him so the world won’t be launched into war.
Annabeth faces similar external conflicts to Percy, as she goes on the same adventure. She isn’t as strong physically as he is, but she uses her wits (a gift of Athena) to help overcome many of the same challenges.
Annabeth has a different internal conflict. She wants to prove herself, to make her mother proud, and to distinguish herself as a hero. She is jealous of Percy, who gets the offer of a quest, when she has been waiting for a quest for a long time. She also struggles because she knows that her feelings for Percy are against the rivalry that exists between Athena and Posiden.
Grover is unique because he is not a demigod but a Satyr. His external conflict revolves around trying to keep Percy safe through the beginning of the story and attempting to help Percy on the quest despite not being a warrior.
Internally, Grover is struggling with his failures from the past—specifically that he didn’t keep Thalia safe when bringing her to Camp Halfblood. That failure haunts him, and the possibility of failing again causes him stress throughout the adventure.

The internal and external conflicts are wrapped up together in The Lightning Thief. Percy begins the novel as an insecure boy seen as a misfit and mess-up by most of the authority figures in his life. He has ADD and dyslexia. He feels like an outsider in his own home despite his loving relationship with his mother. However, he learns these so-called defects are actually hidden strengths that come from being a demigod: his dyslexia is a symptom of his brain being hard-wired to read ancient Greek, for example.
Percy overcomes his inner turmoil through external conflicts. During his quest to save his mother and retrieve the lightning bolt, he faces down monsters and even other gods. He realizes his own strengths and develops as a person through his trials, using his wits to defeat Medusa, for instance. By the end of the novel, Percy must even oppose Luke, an older boy he assumed was his friend and even viewed as an older brother figure.

In The Lightning Thief, Percy Jackson faces many external conflicts, primarily from Zeus, who believes that he is involved with the theft of Zeus’s lightning bolt. The other gods who side with Zeus try to hinder him at every step. Medusa, who resents Percy for his father Poseidon’s rejection of her, tries to turn him into stone to become part of her collection. In St. Louis, Percy battles the Chimera in the Arch. Hades accused Percy of stealing his Helm of Darkness. Percy eventually discovers that it is Ares, the god of war, who has the stolen items. These conflicts require Percy’s ingenuity to battle them and retrieve the lightning bolt.
Percy’s inner conflicts stem from his discovery that his father is Poseidon, who had abandoned Percy’s mother soon after Percy was born. He resents Poseidon’s desertion, leaving him to be raised by his mother and his odious step-father. It is his task to come to accept his position as a Half-Blood, even though it means his father will not always be readily available. Percy’s ADD and his dyslexia are caused by his half-god ancestry. These have caused him to have constant trouble in school. By accepting this “handicaps,” Percy learns to use them as his strengths against the outer conflicts that he faces.

What are some examples of logos in the "I Have a Dream" speech?

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. uses rhetorical appeal—or what Aristotle calls “modes for persuasion” —in his famous I Have a Dream speech: ethos (appealing to ethics or credibility), logos (appealing to logic), and pathos (appealing to emotion). Perhaps most critical to the success of his speech is his use of logos.
In fact, his second sentence is an undeniable fact: “Five score years ago a great American in whose symbolic shadow we stand today signed the Emancipation Proclamation.” He follows this immediately with an example of logos:

“But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free; one hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination; one hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity; one hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself in exile in his own land.”

His use of repetition functions to “drive the point home” in a logical manner; no one can deny the truth of this statement. Through this logic, he is able to elicit an emotional response from the crowd.
He also uses logos to speak to the personal, individual truths of many audience members:

“I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you have come from areas where your quest — quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality.”

King phrases this truthful, logical statement in a way that resonates with the victims of police and prison brutality, as well as those who sympathize with the aforementioned struggle, creating comradery as an emotional response to logic. Similarly, he later extends the sentiment of comradery to the white community:

“The marvelous new militancy, which has engulfed the Negro community, must not lead us to a distrust of all white people. For many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back.”

Again, his use of repetition aids his rhetoric, as he reminds the crowd that—emotions aside—white allies exist, again eliciting a feeling of comrodery and an emotional response to a logical statement.