What happens to ice on the molecular level when it is exposed to heat?

At the molecular level, ice exposed to heat will experience an increase in its temperature. In its solid form, ice is a crystal. Its molecules are relatively fixed, but they do still move if the ice is above absolute zero (0 degrees Kelvin, the temperature at which molecules are motionless).
Heat is a form of energy. Heat energy causes an increase in the temperature, or the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. In other words, the molecules of the ice will vibrate more quickly. Molecules in a solid still move but are held closer together thanks to the attractive forces between them. As ice heats, its molecules will move farther apart.
Eventually, once ice reaches a particular temperature in normal Earth conditions (that is, typical atmospheric pressure), the ice will change phase into liquid form, water. This temperature, ice's melting point, is zero degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Liquid water no longer has the crystalline structure of ice, and its molecules move relatively freely. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

How is third person used in "Interpreter of Maladies," and what is its effectiveness?

This short story is written from a third-person limited omniscient perspective, with the limited omniscient focus on the character of Mr. Kapasi. The narrator begins to tell us of Mr. Kapasi's thoughts and feelings very early in the text, and this continues as the tour guide begins to develop hopes that he might have some kind of long-distance relationship with Mrs. Das, as she reveals her terrible secret to him in the hopes that he can assuage her pain (or guilt), and as he realizes that the ideas he entertained about the pair of them will never come to be. This narrative point of view draws us closer to Mr. Kapasi, encouraging us to sympathize with and relate to him more than any other character; we are more apt to judge Mr. and Mrs. Das for their poor parenting and bad choices as a result of this perspective.

"Interpreter of Maladies" is a story in Jhumpa Lahiri's beautiful collection of short stories of the same title.  
It is undeniable that Mr. Kapasi is the central character of this narrative, seeing as he's the titular interpreter of maladies, and the third-person limited narrator gives us perspective into his thoughts and desires. However, if the narrative were in first person, written with Mr. Kapasi as the narrator, it probably wouldn't work as well as it does in third person. 
Lahiri has a very distinct writing style, which has a great combination of poetic description and straightforwardness. By using third person voice in "Interpreter of Maladies," we are able to get some descriptions and insights on Mr. Kapasi, the Das family, and their surroundings that are more varied and well-rounded than we would get if Mr. Kapasi were the narrator. For example, we probably wouldn't get anything like this line from Mr. Kapasi's mind: 

In the back seat Mrs. Das gazed out another window, at the sky, where nearly transparent clouds passed quickly in front of one another.

Or this one, a good example of Lahiri's use of poetic language and devices:

He found nothing noble in interpreting people’s maladies, assiduously translating the symptoms of so many swollen bones, countless cramps of bellies and bowels, spots on people’s palms that changed color, shape, or size.

It's also much easier to see the buildup of Mr. Kapasi's attraction to Mrs. Das from an intuitive third-person's eye than from the limited perspective of any one character in the story. 
 

Beginning Algebra With Applications, Chapter 3, 3.2, Section 3.2, Problem 200

A screwdriver 9 in. long is used as a lever to open a can of paint. The tip of the screwdriver is placed under the lip of the lid with the fulcrum 0.15 in. from the lip. A force of 30 lb is applied to the other end of the screwdriver. Find the force on the lip of the lid.

"Please refer to the figure in the book"

Using the Lever System Equation

$F_1 x = F_2 (d-x)$

Solving for $F_1$,


$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

F_1 =& \frac{F_2 (d-x)}{x}
&& \text{Divide by } x
\\
\\
F_1 =& \frac{30(9-8.85)}{8.85}
&& \text{Substitute } F_2 = 30, d = 9, x = 8.85
\\
\\
F_1 =& \frac{30(0.15)}{8.85}
&& \text{Simplify}
\\
\\
F_1 =& \frac{30}{59} \approx 0.51 \text{ lb}


\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


The force on the lip is 0.51 lb.

In "The Second Coming," how does the speaker view humanity?

The speaker in "The Second Coming" does not view humanity with positivity.
Yeats wrote "The Second Coming" in the wake of World War I. The poem reflects the war's destruction and the resulting lack of hope. The speaker communicates this negativity through the imagery in the first stanza. The poem's opening line sees humanity immersed in a "widening gyre." Its lack of order is symbolized in how "the falcon cannot hear the falconer." Human beings confront a setting where "things fall apart" because the world lacks centered sustainability. The final image of the first stanza communicates the negativity intrinsic to the human condition: "The best lack all conviction, while the worst/ are full of passionate intensity." The speaker uses imagery in the poem's first stanza to show how human beings are condemned to a bleak reality.
The second stanza enhances the speaker's lack of hope for human beings. In Christian thought, "The Second Coming" of Jesus should provide hope. This vision is inverted as the speaker believes human beings will be victimized. This predator is a creature that carries "a gaze blank" and is as "pitiless as the sun." The speaker feels humanity is helpless against this creature as "twenty centuries of stony sleep/ were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle." As the poem comes to a close, it lacks hope for human beings to withstand this force of malevolence. While the world created in the first stanza is bad, the one awaiting it in the second is far worse. Both stanzas prove how the poem's speaker does not positively view human beings.

Compare the amount of movement possible in synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints.

Synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic categories are part of the functional classification (i.e., movement) of joints. Within this framework, synarthrotic joints have little to no mobility (e.g., fibrous joints like skull sutures and teeth). Amphiarthrotic joints have minor mobility (e.g., cartilaginous joints  like intervertebral discs), while diathrotic, or synovial, joints have maximum mobility and can be categorized into plane, ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid (e.g., ovular joints like wrist joints), and saddle (concave-convex joints like the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, or the malleus and incus in the middle ear) groups.
Overall, the diathrotic joints possess the range of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction, whereas the synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic joints are limited in movement by their structures (e.g., skull sutures, intervertebral discs, distal joints, pubic symphysis). The range of motion for diathrotic joints can be further subdivided into two categories:
(1)  Angular Movement
Flexion – bending the elbow or knee
Extension – the opposite of flexion
Abduction – moving the arms inward, away from the body, or spreading the fingers apart
Adduction – the opposite of abduction
(2)  Circular Movement
Rotation – turning the head from side to side, twisting the waist
Circumduction – conical movement of shoulders, wrist, trunk, hops, ankle joints
Additional Sources:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/joints-and-skeletal-movement/
https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/skeleton/joints-and-ligaments
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_joint

https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/9-5-types-of-body-movements/

Which character from the short story “Rules of the Game” by Amy Tan is motivated by a desire to master “invisible strength” in life and in chess?

The character you're looking for is Waverly Jong, the first person narrator of the story. Her full name is actually Waverly Place Jong, named after the street she grew up on in San Francisco's Chinatown. The very first line of "Rules of The Game" comes from Waverly, who says:

I was six when my mother taught me the art of invisible strength. It was a strategy for winning arguments, respect from others, and eventually, though neither of us knew it at the time, chess games.

It turns out that Waverly's mother's advice not only applies to everyday life, but to chess as well. When Waverly's older brother Vincent is given a used chess set at their church's Christmas Party, the three Jong children become engrossed in the game, and Waverly begins studying the rules. As she learns more and more about the game by playing, she tells us:

I discovered that for the whole game one must gather invisible strengths and see the endgame before the game begins. I also found out why I should never reveal "why" to others. A little knowledge withheld is a great advantage one should store for future use. That is the power of chess. It is a game of secrets in which one must show and never tell.

Waverly eventually becomes something of a child chess prodigy, but this only seems to make her relationship with her mother and her own invisible strength more complicated.

In chapter 1 of Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, some readers find it counterproductive to the author Schlosser's argument against the fast food industry that he would create such a sympathetic portrait of fast food pioneer Carl Karcher. What is the relevance of providing this background information in formulating an argument?

First, in formulating an argument, it always is beneficial to have an "admittedly" paragraph—or if you writing a book, an admittedly chapter—in which you admit to and accept all the strongest arguments your opponents can make. This is exactly what Schlosser is doing in delving into the story of Carl Karcher. People who know about the fast food industry are likely to bring up the good hearted people like Karcher who were just trying to make a living in the best way they knew how and saw that the automobile culture was here to stay. Schlosser is admitting from the start that good people jumpstarted the fast food industry—it is not these folks he is going after.
By doing so, Schlosser acknowledges that fast food as a concept is not inherently evil or bad. That is not the point he is trying to make. He doesn't want to condemn individual entrepreneurs who pushed fast food in an innocent way. It is not fast food per se that is bad but what has been done to it by big businesses determined to squeeze whatever profit they can out of it, regardless of human costs.

Schlosser paints a sympathetic portrait of Karcher to put the evolution of the fast food industry in context by tracing its history. However, the author warns the reader in the first paragraph that this is a cautionary tale; that is, "a warning about unintended consequences" (paragraph 1).
Karcher and his cohorts, other founders of fast food restaurants, mostly came from poor backgrounds and struggled to make a living working long hours. They all took advantage of the new "car culture" that swept America. Drive-ins with carhops became instantly popular. However, Richard McDonald changed all that with the first self-service restaurant that eliminated the need for carhops, waitresses, and even dishes and silverware. This history of fast food sets the scene for the changing landscape of a fast food nation.
The careful reader of chapter 1, "The Founding Fathers," will pay close attention to this cautionary tale, and the author's last statement when he looks out the window and all he sees are strip malls, fast food restaurants, and subdivisions where tracts of land once flourished with ranches and citrus groves. Schlosser asks Karcher if he misses the old Anaheim. Karcher's reply, "I couldn’t be happier . . . I believe in Progress.” The irony should not be missed that taking the natural landscape and turning it into a cement jungle is considered progress, just as turning America into a fast food nation could be considered progress.

Schlosser provides a somewhat sympathetic portrait of Carl Karcher to highlight the origins of the fast food industry.
Schlosser chooses Karcher to open his work because it demonstrates how the industry began with good intentions. Karcher was a self-made man. He struggled with poverty, worked very hard to achieve his dream, and saw an opportunity in California's changing dynamics to do so. Highlighting Karcher's rise demonstrates how those who started the fast food industry were instrumental in the preparation of its product. For example, Karcher opened the first Carl's Jr. in 1956. Karcher was not only the proprietor of the Carl's Jr. chain of restaurants. He was also a worker. Schlosser details how Karcher would work after hours to perfect his "secret sauce." Karcher was knowledgeable about every aspect of the operation because it was his dream. Schlosser's analysis shows how Karcher studied the patterns of his rivals and sought to integrate similar approaches in his food products. Karcher made decisions that enhanced the financial health and food quality in his restaurants.
Karcher's intimacy with his food products stands in vast contrast to the practices in today's industry. As his work progresses, Schlosser shows how financial gain motivates decisions. Poor food quality and its unsanitary preparation as well as kitchens abounding with rodents and insects are realities of the modern fast food industry. Given how close he was to his food products, Karcher would repudiate such conditions. Schlosser's sympathetic view of Karcher allows us to see how the origins of the industry are vastly different than what it is today. As a result of Schlosser's viewpoint, it is clear that inventors of the industry like Karcher would not stand by what it has become.