The Spanish "reconquista", or reconquering was all about bringing the then Muslim owned Iberian Peninsula under Catholicism. Ferdinand and Isabella's marriage was political in its own right, and their ambitions were to unite the different provinces of Castile and Aragon and create a more united, Catholic Iberian nation--which would later be known as the Kingdom of Spain.
The reconquista itself took over 700 years to complete, as conquering the land back from the Moors kingdoms was a long and arduous process. Both Ferdinand and Isabella believed that the reconquista was a holy war, and that taking Spain back was a mission from God: therefore, this helped to shape their religious decrees. Views of Islam inspired xenophobia in the natives of the different Spanish territories. In "Muslim-Christian Relations: Historical and Contemporary Realities", Jane Smith writes:
Within the Islamic community early attitudes of seeming tolerance and even appreciation of Christians and Jews soon gave way to more narrow interpretations of the Qur’an and Islamic law, resulting in growing intolerance. From the beginning Christians were nervous about the growth of a new religion that they saw as a Christian heresy and which invaded and took over many of their lands.
To make a long story short, the Spaniards were intolerant of the growth of the Moors, who were not only different, but somewhat kinder to their colonists, too. They were considered heretics according to hundreds of years of Christian historical doctrine before them. Each small kingdom of Spain had to be painstakingly reconquered, and Isabela and Ferdinand's shaky hold needed to be strengthened. Therefore, The show of strength the nation made with the Alhambra Decree (which forced all Jews and Muslims to be removed from Spain or forcibly converted to Christianity) united Spain underneath the Catholic mantle, and allowed for the Spaniards to create a religiously "pure" nation--truly one nation, under God.
Tl;dr (the summary): The Catholics had always believed the Muslims, being different than them, were heretical and bad, so Isabella and Ferdinand were able to use that fear to unite their kingdoms and eventual country under Catholicism.
Check out https://www.h2g2.com/edited_entry/A30498979 for a little more information!
The main aim of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella's religious policy was to ensure that their kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula were entirely Catholic. They did this formally with the Alhambra Decree on March 31, 1492.
For over seven hundred years, much of Spain had been under the control of Muslim Moors. The Moors tolerated different religions in their domains, and consequently, during their rule, Spain had a diverse population of Christians, Muslims, and Jews. After the Moors were expelled, Ferdinand and Isabella set about strengthening the Catholic presence in Spain. Besides being deeply religious, they felt that they could use Catholicism to maintain a more powerful hold on their newly won kingdoms.
With the aid of the Pope, the Catholic monarchs had already extended the Spanish Inquisition to investigate and prosecute converted Muslims and Jews (conversos) who were secretly practicing their former faith. Partially out of concern that the remaining non-Catholic population would influence more conversos to revert to their old faith, the monarchs decided to expel any remaining Jews and Muslims form their domains.
The Alhambra Decree gave non-Catholics four months to leave Spain. About 200,000 Jews and a lesser number of Muslims had already converted to the Catholic faith. With the Alhambra Decree, the remaining population of non-Catholics, mostly Jews, faced the choice of converting or leaving. As many as 100,000 Jews chose to leave Spain for other areas around the Mediterranean. Many found an unwelcome reception in the lands they fled to and returned to Spain, whereupon they accepted baptism. Others settled in North Africa, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire.
With the passage and implementation of the Alhambra Decree, the dominions of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella legally became one hundred percent Catholic. As such, the Spanish monarchs had completed the Catholic reconquest of Spain. Heresy was strictly enforced under the Spanish Inquisition and Spain remained, at least officially, completely Catholic until Spanish citizenship was restored to Jews in 1924. The Alhambra Decree was not revoked until 1968; although, it had not been enforced for some time prior.
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