Why did slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue revolt?

Saint-Domingue, now the country of Haiti, was one of France's most profitable colonies in the eighteenth century. Wealthy French planters grew rich off of sugar, cotton, and coffee that they produced using slave labor. Because of their reliance on slave labor, the white French colonists were greatly outnumbered by slaves. In addition, because the labor was so intensive (especially the production of sugar), slave mortality rates were high, and new shipments of slaves were needed regularly. Some slaves also escaped to the mountains on the island and formed maroon colonies. There was also a class of free blacks, called gens de couleur, who faced discrimination despite being free. Many worked as artisans or domestic workers and were not given the same rights as free whites.
In 1789, the French Revolution broke out, and the National Assembly’s publication of the Declaration of Rights of Man, which declared that all men were free and equal, greatly influenced both slaves and the gens de couleur who helped lead the Haitian Revolution. Toussaint Louverture, a former slave, emerged as the leader of the revolution. Louverture helped unite both slaves and free blacks to demand freedom and equal rights. The Haitian Revolution was the most successful slave revolt in history. Because slaves and free blacks greatly outnumbered whites on the island and because of events in Europe, including the turmoil of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon, the revolutionaries in Haiti were able to secure independence and officially declare independence as the free nation of Haiti in 1803.
https://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/5.html

Why is Humbert Humbert not a reliable narrator in Lolita?

Humbert Humbert is a sociopathic pedophile who wants to justify his actions, which makes him an unreliable narrator. He would like to present himself as hopelessly romantically "in love" with Lolita, who is a prepubescent girl. He also presents her as coming on to him.
We have to remember that, unlike in the movie version, in the novel, Lolita is a little girl. She is not a teenager. She has no breasts, hips, nor adult sexual features. That is why Humbert is attracted to her. Her mother's breasts and other adult features repulse Humbert. Humbert worries about Lolita entering puberty, because then she will no longer attract him, and he will have to get rid of her.
Lolita does innocent things like sitting in his lap (he is, after all, her stepfather) that happen to sexually arouse Humbert, and this, in his mind, justifies later repeatedly raping her. He knows she hates it: he talks about listening to her cry herself to sleep at night in their motel rooms, and he has to give her increasingly larger gifts and become more and more insistent to get her to agree to do what he wants sexually.
If you actually "love" a person as Humbert claims to love Lolita, you don't rape her and do things that you know she hates to her. You put her interests ahead of your own. But Humbert shows himself to be a sociopath in his lack of empathy. He knows that she hates what he is doing to her, but he just doesn't care, as long as he can get her to come around enough to service him sexually.
Humbert tries to justify destroying the innocence of a young girl to indulge his own warped idea of pleasure. He uses beautiful language to try to justify using a child to satisfy his sexual desires. He uses deception repeatedly to get away with raping her and tries to deceive us into thinking this is love. He is not reliable, any more than any other sociopathic pedophile, and it's important to see past the self-serving story he tells to understand that he is a sick creature preying on a little girl.

Why does Theo need to challenge the warden's authority?

There are a number of reasons. Though Xan—the Warden of England—and Theo are cousins, they're not very close. In fact, no one is really close to Xan, the self-contained, mistrustful, and isolated dictator. As a professional historian, Theo is naturally concerned that the continuing infertility crisis will effectively mean an end to history. His family connection to the Warden of England, as well as his growing disillusionment, make Theo an ideal recruit to the Five Fishes, an anarchist rebel group. It is while on the run with the group that Theo falls in love with Julian, one of the rebels' leading members. His growing emotional attachment to Julian provides Theo with a need to challenge the Warden's authority, not least because the Warden himself is also in love with Julian and wants to start a new race of people with her.

Describe the early life of Gulliver.

In Chapter 1, Lemuel Gulliver mentions that he was the third of five sons, who attended Emanuel College in Cambridge before becoming Mr. James Bates's apprentice. As Bates's apprentice, Gulliver learns the science of navigation and mathematics, which he later applies throughout his various journeys. Gulliver then attends Leyden University, where he studies physics for two and a half years. After returning from Leyden, Gulliver becomes a surgeon on the Swallow, where he makes several trips to the Levant. Gulliver then opens his own practice in London and marries Mrs. Mary Burton. Shortly after Mr. Bates dies Gulliver's practice begins to fail. Gulliver then becomes a surgeon on several ships, which make successful voyages to the West Indies. Gulliver then returns to London and attempts to start his practice again, but does not find success. After three miserable years, Gulliver joins Captain William Prichard's ship as a surgeon. Unfortunately, Gulliver becomes shipwrecked on the island of Lilliput, where the citizens are six inches tall.

As the third of five sons, Gulliver must forge his own path in the world.  His father helps him to get a good education so that he can become a doctor.  Gulliver apprentices for some four years under a Mr. James Bates, and he uses any extra money his father sends him to learn about navigation and math (both of which are useful to him later when he begins to travel abroad).  He studied these subjects for another two and a half years because he knows that he wants to go to sea, and when he returns to London, Master Bates (ha!) recommends that he serve as the doctor on a voyage.  He does so, returns to London, and attempts to open and run his own practice.  He gets married at the advice of his colleagues, but after Bates dies, Gulliver's practice goes under.  He goes to sea two more times, then tries to open another practice, but it, too, fails.  Finally, he goes back to sea voyages, and the story begins.

What is a concise and open-ended discussion question, related to this story?

I believe that this question is asking for a single question that is both concise and open ended rather than a question that is concise and one that is open ended. I'll try to give a couple of possible questions that could be asked about this story. Some of the questions could be asked at any point while reading the novel, but other questions might be best asked at particular moments in the story.
How does Cole feel about his own ethnic diversity?
How does Cole feel about his Native American roots?
How does Cole's dream reflect his own emotional turmoil?
How does the strange apparition foreshadow Cole's eventual identity crisis?
How does Alex affect Cole's view of himself?
What are some basic themes of this story?
How is this story a good example of "magical realism" in literature?

Are chloroplasts and mitochondria similar? If so, how?

The many similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts make more sense, and will be easier to remember, if considered in the context of where they came from. Our current understanding of their origin is the endosymbiotic theory, which says that they originated as prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells and developed a symbiotic relationship with their host cells. Mitochondria were once prokaryotes that were able to use oxygen, and chloroplasts were once photosynthetic prokaryotes. A difference between them is that mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic cells, while chloroplasts are present only in some.
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane. According to the endosymbiotic theory, the inner membrane is derived from the cell membrane of the ancestral prokaryote and the outer membrane from the cell membrane of the host cell during phagocytosis.
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce in the cytoplasm by cell division. If they are removed from the cell, the cell is not able to make more.
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is ring-shaped like a bacterial plasmid, and their own apparatus for synthesizing proteins.
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are found only in eukaryotic cells and never in prokaryotic cells (mitochondria are in all eukaryotic cells, while chloroplasts are only in some, those of plants and some protists).
Finally, the roles of the two organelles are almost the reverse of one another. Both convert energy from one form to another. In photosynthesis, chloroplasts use energy from the sun to combine carbon dioxide and water, making high-energy glucose and releasing oxygen. In cellular respiration, mitochondria use the products of glycolysis (anaerobic cleaving of glucose) and oxygen to generate ATP, a molecule capable of supplying energy for a variety of functions in the cell. In the process, they produce carbon dioxide and water.
The similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts all derive from their common origin as prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells and continued to live in symbiosis with them.

Yes, chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar to each other.  There are massive differences between the two and what they do, but it is possible to find similarities between them.  The following are 8 similarities that can be found between mitochondria and chloroplasts. 
They are both organelles found in eukaryotic cells; however, they are not both found in every kind of eukaryotic cell. 
Mitochondria and chloroplasts both convert energy from one type to another.  
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts do chemical reactions that involve varying amounts of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.  
Both organelles are surrounded by a double membrane. 
Although the processes of each organelle are different, both mitochondria and chloroplasts make use of an electron transport chain.  
Both organelles contain some DNA.
The DNA contained in these organelles is not identical to the DNA found in the cell's nucleus.
The DNA in both organelles is circular. 
https://owlcation.com/stem/Comparison-and-Contrast-Between-Chloroplasts-and-Mitochondria

https://sciencing.com/differences-between-mitochondria-chloroplasts-structure-8433003.html

Why is Macbeth assigned?

Macbeth is the shortest of the four classic Shakespeare tragedies, and its fast pace and compelling atmosphere make it very accessible to modern audiences.
But it's also assigned for the same reason all Shakespeare plays are assigned: it continues to resonate as a portrait of human desires and relationships. The character of Macbeth—before we meet him in the play—is clearly an honorable warrior, acclaimed by many, including the king he serves. But his ambition, stoked by the Weird Sisters and even more by his wife, kindles his evil side, to which he succumbs.
Then we witness the process of disintegration as he commits more and more crimes, becoming "o'er shoes in blood" and turning himself into a monster. This is far from unique to Macbeth. We witness similar horrifying journeys constantly in modern life, which is another reason the play continues to be taught and performed.