Friday, August 24, 2012

Please use quotes and examples from the text. What rhetorical strategies does Marc Antony use to discredit Brutus AND persuade the crowd to support his position?

After Brutus agrees to allow Antony to take Caesar's body and speak to the crowd that has assembled outside the Forum, Antony reveals, in a soliloquy, his rage and grief over Caesar's death. He has had to hide his feelings in the presence of the plotters in order to gain their trust, but he plans to avenge Caesar's death:

Woe to the hand that shed this costly blood!Over thy wounds now do I prophesy . . .A curse shall light upon the limbs of men;Domestic fury and fierce civil strifeShall cumber all the parts of Italy . . .Cry “Havoc!” and let slip the dogs of war...

Antony is a shrewd man, and his plan requires him to judge the temper of the crowd outside the Forum. If he deems them sympathetic, he plans to try to whip them into a rage over the death of Caesar. He watches as the crowd reacts positively to Brutus's speech explaining why they murdered Caesar. Then he addresses the crowd himself. He had promised not to blame the conspirators for their act, and, strictly speaking, he does not violate this pledge. His speech is a masterpiece of both sarcasm and pathos. He sarcastically repeats, over and over, that Brutus is an honorable man and that his accusations of Caesar's ambition must surely trump the reasons that the people had loved the man:

He was my friend, faithful and just to me;But Brutus says he was ambitious,And Brutus is an honorable man. He hath brought many captives home to Rome,Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill.Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept;Ambition should be made of sterner stuff.Yet Brutus says he was ambitious,And Brutus is an honorable man . . .

The crowd picks up on his sarcasm, which is very effective—they quite quickly begin to abandon any sympathy they had for Brutus. Having tacitly attacked Brutus's motives and his honor, he then makes an appeal to the hearts of the listeners, saying that his "heart is in the coffin there with Caesar." He produces Caesar's will and deftly declines to read it at first, saying that if he did, the crowd would be so moved that they would turn to "mutiny and rage." Of course, the crowd (who Shakespeare portrays as completely fickle) begs to see the will, and Antony, with a mock reluctance, obliges. He further stirs the crowd by pointing out the places on Caesar's cloak where each of the conspirators had stabbed him. Having worked the crowd into a fever pitch and having slyly suggested that the crowd rise up to avenge Caesar, he reads the will. It states that Caesar left "seventy-five drachmas" and some of his orchards and parks to each Roman citizen. This, to the crowd, proves that Caesar was a noble man and that he loved them. They resolve to kill the assassins, and Antony steps away, pleased at the "mischief" he has set loose though the mixture of sarcasm and pathos in his oratory.

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