Macduff kills Macbeth in their climactic battle in front of his castle. He tries to back out of the fight, telling his former friend that his "soul is too much charged / With blood of thine already," having already been responsible for the murder of Macduff's family. He then tells him that he lives a charmed life and cannot be killed by anyone "of woman born." At this point, Macduff informs him that he was "from the womb untimely ripped," meaning he was born by Caesarian section. At this point, Macbeth realizes the witches have instilled in him a self-destructive sense of confidence that is misplaced—Macbeth is fooled by the wording of their prophecies. In the end, Macduff arrives to hail the new king Malcolm, holding Macbeth's severed head in his hands. Macbeth meets his end at the hands of a fellow thane, who is honest and everything he is not.
Macduff does indeed kill Macbeth in act 5, scene 8. Macbeth has developed a false sense of invincibility, having been told by the witches that no man "of woman born" can kill him, but Macduff advises him that he was in fact "untimely ripped" from his mother's womb—that is, he was born by Caesarean section, which is presented as a loophole in the context of the play.
The actual death of Macbeth does not happen on the stage itself, as he and Macduff exit fighting, but it is very clear from implication that Macduff is the instrument of Macbeth's downfall. Macduff reenters the stage carrying "the usurper's cursed head" in his hands, so there is no doubt that Macbeth has indeed been killed during the offstage fracas.
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