After the Civil War had ended in 1865 the United States as a whole began to see itself as a major international power. A series of technological and industrial triumphs over the next 40 years, most of which were accomplished by Americans, enhanced this feeling of a country's coming of age and its equal standing with the European powers. These achievements included the completion of the transcontinental railroad, the invention of the lightbulb, the invention of the phonograph and motion pictures, and the start of the supplying of electric power to large urban areas. The industrial production of automobiles spearheaded by Henry Ford and other Americans, plus the invention of the airplane by the Wright Brothers, capped off this extraordinary period of development. By the first decade of the twentieth century the US, in spite of the fratricidal carnage that had taken place only 40 years earlier, had a boundless sense of optimism and an enhanced feeling of superiority to the Old World and its endless conflicts and tragedies. The growth of industry and the expansion of American cities were both a cause and an effect of this confidence and positive self-image. White Americans in general did not recognize the injustice of what had been perpetrated against both African Americans and Native Americans, and instead believed the US was in a position to teach Europeans how to live and to conduct their affairs.
After the US had finally entered World War I and had largely facilitated the Allied victory (in what might have ended in a stalemate had we not joined the British and French), the Americans saw themselves as impartial arbiters who could stabilize Europe and correct centuries-old problems of ethnic division. Wilson's 14 points were well-intentioned but to some extent naive. Open navigation, peace agreements, and free trade would seem to have been common-sense requirements. However, some of Wilson's points, especially 10 through 13 which provided for ethnic self-determination among the peoples of the former Austrian and Ottoman empires, were unfortunately premature in 1918. The creation of new countries based on ethnicity in Central Europe was one of the factors Hitler was to exploit in taking over Germany and establishing a brutal regime that would supposedly restore German hegemony to these "lost" territories.
The US was later, in fact, to achieve the "leader of the free world" status, but not until the Second World War had devastated Europe to the point where Europe's own leadership position was destroyed. In 1918, Wilson's noble intentions were beyond the power of the US to implement.
Tuesday, February 18, 2014
How did industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand with the development of the American Empire and the diplomacy of the United States, 1865–1918? Use the ideas in Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points to help your argument.
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