Which character is able to stand up to Prince Hamlet's cunning use of language, and in which context?

Probably the best answer to this question would be the First Gravedigger, whose blackly comic banter with Hamlet in the "Gravediggers" scene shows that he may work with his hands, but he also (to paraphrase A Midsummer Night's Dream), "labors in his mind."
Consider just this one section of the scene:

HAMLET
Whose grave's this, sirrah?
First Clown
Mine, sir.
Sings
O, a pit of clay for to be made
For such a guest is meet.
HAMLET
I think it be thine, indeed; for thou liest in't.
First Clown
You lie out on't, sir, and therefore it is not
yours: for my part, I do not lie in't, and yet it is mine.

Even Hamlet has to admit at this point that the "knave" has command of his wordplay. Although Hamlet addresses him initially as "sirrah," indicating he is speaking to a person of lesser status, the Prince likely has a sneaking admiration for this man who refuses to be intimidated and boldly answers back. Hamlet is used to being the best master of "words, words, words," and to encounter someone who can thrust and parry with him in this unlikely situation appeals to his well-developed sense of the absurd.