Most textile mills were located in Great Britain and in the New England states, though there were also factories in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Women found work by "powerloom weaving," by working the small "spinning jennies," that is, the mechanized wheels that loomed fabric, and by using "cotton processing machines." While this work offered working-class women more independence, a wage, and an opportunity to work outside of the home or outside of agriculture, the conditions in the factories were deplorable and especially harsh on women.
Women worked 12-hour days in the factories and no considerations were made for mothers who took sole responsibility for child-rearing duties—if the children's father was present at all. Children were left with whomever could care for them. Others were neglected. To keep them from crying at night, some mothers resorted to the opiate laudanum, which was mixed with sugar and water. Often when babies cry, it is out of hunger. However, the purpose of the drug was to make a child too drugged to want to eat. The result was malnourishment and stunted growth.
In Great Britain, by 1873, around 26 percent of female factory workers were married. Three-quarters were of child-bearing age. For these women, some of whom had left the countryside to find work in bustling cities, the income was a necessity. Being both working-class and female, however, made them vulnerable to exploitation. In 1834 in Lowell, Massachusetts, one of the most important cities for textiles, factory owners cut wages by fifteen percent to maximize their profits from production. Much to the surprise of the mill owners, 800 women workers walked off the job in protest. The strike, which was not well organized, was unsuccessful. Mill owners quickly replaced the strikers with new female workers from the countryside who were eager for an opportunity to live and work in the city.
Two years later, another strike was staged, and this one was better organized. This time, factory owners attempted to raise the rent in boarding houses. To avoid simply being replaced, strike leaders decided to "[shut] down key floors of the factory," thus bringing production to a halt until their demands were met. After a few weeks, factory owners gave in and readjusted the rates for room and board.
I mention these facts to help you think about what topics to write about in your paper concerning conditions for women in textile factories during the early and mid-1800s (conditions did not change much during this period). You ought to consider problems with childcare and working hours. You should also consider the ways in which factory owners exploited female workers by attempting to cut wages while still demanding the same amount of work, assuming, quite wrongly, that female workers would be less likely than males to protest this. You might also address safety concerns, such as women's hair getting caught in the machinery.
https://ashp.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/daughters-viewerguide908.pdf
https://www.historytoday.com/working-woman%E2%80%99s-place
Monday, December 25, 2017
What was the typical female experience as a textile worker (in the early nineteenth century)?
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