Kate Chopin's The Awakening is the text from the fin de siecle (end of the century, namely the nineteenth century) era of American literature that depicts a character's resistance to the traditional notions of womanhood in the most extreme manner. In fact, the novel was criticized and even banned because of its controversial material. Edna Pontellier, the novel's protagonist, gradually finds herself dissatisfied with her life as a wife and mother.
She was never a "mother-woman" like some of the more traditional women in her social circle, but she was previously accustomed to blindly filling her expected roles. During and after her summer in Grand Isle, Edna craves independence and begins to break social commitments (like staying at home on the days when people are supposed to be stopping in to visit her there). She even begins an extramarital affair with Alcee Arobin, a known playboy. She explores her creativity and lives by instinct.
Eventually, when it becomes clear to Edna that she will not be able to live as she pleases, she swims out into the Gulf of Mexico to drown herself. The fact that the author does not explicitly judge her character's decision to end her own life, and in doing so, abandon her husband and two young children, is what led to the bulk of the criticism of The Awakening. This is a good example of how much backlash an author could experience as a result of portraying women resisting gender norms.
Chopin also wrote some controversial short stories that portray transgressive women. "The Storm," for example, depicts the female protagonist's quick sexual encounter with an ex-lover during a storm, while her husband and children are at the store. Once the storm passes, everything returns to normal, but during the storm, of course, Calixta has exceeded the bounds of traditional (married) women's roles. Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" portrays a woman who learns of her husband's sudden death in a train accident and, as she processes the shocking news, her realization that she is not disappointed to lose him but is rather looking forward to her new life of freedom. Louise Mallard is soon shocked again, this time to find that her husband is actually alive, and she dies of "the joy that kills." The other characters in the story think she has died because she is so happy to see her husband, but the reader knows she is simply stunned to find that her recent dreams of independence will never come true.
Near the end of the nineteenth century, Henry James wrote the novella Daisy Miller, and its titular character is also shunned from ex-patriot American society in Europe because her behavior crosses the line of what women are "allowed" to do. She speaks to men without being introduced to them, spends time with men when her mother is not present, and explores Rome at night with a male character. This is a complex story that deals with several other themes, such as new money vs. old money and American vs. European behavior and mores, but Daisy's peculiar and transgressive actions are a focal point for Frederick Winterbourne, through whose perspective we see Daisy. Also set in Europe, Edith Wharton's "Roman Fever" depicts a conversation between two older women wherein one woman (Alida) finds out that the other (Grace) had an affair and a child with her husband. Clearly, in a society in which women are expected to marry and raise children with only one man, Grace Ansley clearly breaks from tradition.
Tuesday, December 10, 2019
How would you argue that traditional notions of womanhood are resisted in "The Awakening" and other texts of the "fin de siecle" period?
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