How did WWI affect Canadian politics?

When you consider the effects that World War I had on Canadian politics (and even Canadian society in general), you can see that it had a number of profound ramifications, some of which endure to this day. I will briefly discuss three of the largest effects of the war below.
One effect was to deepen the divide between English and French-speaking Canadians. For the most part, French Canadians opposed their country's involvement in the war. This led to a rise in Quebec nationalism, a movement that endured for generations. Shortly after the war's end, the first motion for Quebecois independence was raised in the Quebec national assembly. In a way, support and opposition to this led to the end of the previous two-party system in Parliament. From it was born numerous federal and provincial political parties.
The war also led to an increase in federal authority in Canada. A new income tax was implemented to raise money for the war effort. After the war, this tax provided funds for numerous progressive social welfare programs and institutions.
Canada's involvement in World War I also led to women's suffrage. With thousands of women entering the workforce to fill vacancies left by the men fighting in Europe, women became more empowered and politicians more eager to support their rights. This resulted in more women being granted access to the polls in various parts of the country during the war years.
https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/how-wwi-upended-canada-s-political-social-and-economic-norms-1.4162799

https://www.macleans.ca/after-fighting-nation-changed/

In Canada, the stance that different politicians and their parties during the Great War affected their post-war influence. The position on conscription (draft) was one such factor. Many Canadians initially argued that the war was a European problem for which British, not Canadian, troops should be deployed. Prime Minister Laurier opposed conscription. With the increasing threat of German victory and the US entry into the war, this became a minority position. Laurier’s party was voted out, and Robert Borden’s Union party became a dominant force.
Divisions between the French and British sectors of Canadian society became more pronounced during the war and continued afterward as a clear separation between their interests.
Canada’s position as a nation was strengthened in relationship to its commonwealth status; for example, Canada, having been a signer to the Treaty of Versailles, became a member of the League of Nations.
https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/after-the-war/legacy/the-wars-impact-on-canada/

The effect of WWI on Canadian politics included:
1) Great autonomy for Canada
Canada, as a self-governing dominion, became less dependent on Britain. Britain greatly depended on Canada’s effort in the war for armaments and soldiers. This gave Canada greater authority, and Canada’s prime minister (Robert Borden) attended the Paris Peace Conference as part of the British Empire delegation. Canada, independently, also became a founding member of the League of Nations. Eventually, Britain’s war-time promise to re-evaluate the constitutional arrangements between it and its dominions led to the statute of Westminster (11 December, 1931), which granted full legal freedom to Canada.
2) Women gained the right to vote and increasingly participated in the workforce
The nature of the workforce changed as men fought in the war. Before the war, women participated in the workforce (e.g., school teaching and secretarial work), but this was further accentuated during the war as women took the place of men due to labour shortages. This participation in the workforce impacted on the organization of women's suffrage groups, and eventually women were given the right to vote in 1918. The right was not universal and exclusions remained for Asian men and women and Indigenous women and men.
3) Labour organized
The war effort burdened Canada, and this led to massive unemployment and inflation, leading to labour unrest and strikes. The government responded to the General Winnipeg Strike—Canada’s best-known strike—with arrests and violence. Post-war strikes and labour organization impacted labour relations in the coming decades.
4) Government intervention during and after the war contributed to the emergence of a social welfare state in Canada.
Further Reading:

The New Penguin History of Canada (Robert Bothwell)
The Canadian Encyclopedia
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winnipeg-general-strike/
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/statute-of-westminster/
Canadian War Museum
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/after-the-war/legacy/the-wars-impact-on-canada/

 

What is a characteristic that best describes Phillip Enright in The Cay by Theodore Taylor?

At the beginning of the book, Phillip is spoiled and naive. For example, after German submarines have blown up tankers in the neighboring island of Aruba, he asks his father, "Why can't we go out and fight them?" (page 16). He treats the war as if it were a lark until the boat he is on is sunk by a German submarine.
After Phillip is rescued by Timothy, a black man, Phillip treats Timothy with a great deal of disrespect. When Phillip keeps asking for water, though there is only a limited supply, Timothy does not allow him to have any. Phillip thinks, "It was then that I began to learn what a stubborn old man he could be. I began to dislike Timothy" (page 36). Part of what Phillip dislikes is that Timothy does not give him what he wants, and Phillip is too naive to understand that Timothy is rationing water for their own mutual good. In addition, Phillip is spoiled and racist, and he does not like that a black man is not giving into his demands. He recalls that his mother said that black people were "different" than he was, and he seems to agree at this point in the book. Phillip maintains that a schooner will find him, though Timothy is not sure, because Phillip believes that he is more important than others and that his family is more powerful than the German subs. Over time, Phillip will change to become more respectful of others, less spoiled, and less naive. 

What does Claudius say that shows he wants Hamlet to die?

You will likely find the answer to your question in act 4, scene 7. In this scene, Claudius actively plots with Laertes to ensure Hamlet's death. Here are two quotes that prove Claudius wants Hamlet to die:

If he be now returned,
As checking at his voyage, and that he means
No more to undertake it, I will work him
To an exploit, now ripe in my devise,
Under the which he shall not choose but fall.
And for his death no wind of blame shall breathe,
But even his mother shall uncharge the practice
And call it accident (act 4, scene 7).
 
 
When in your motion you are hot and dry,
As make your bouts more violent to that end,
And that he calls for drink, I’ll have prepared him
A chalice for the nonce, whereon but sipping,
If he by chance escape your venomed stuck,
Our purpose may hold there (act 4, scene 7).
 

In the first quote, Claudius tells Laertes that he has devised a plan ("exploit") that will ensure Hamlet's death. Claudius believes that his plan is so airtight even Hamlet's mother will not suspect foul play in the death of her son.
 
The second quote also supports the fact that Claudius wants Hamlet to die. Here, Claudius tells Laertes that, should Hamlet escape Laertes' poisoned sword, he has concocted a lethal potion for Hamlet to drink. These quotes show that Claudius is actively plotting to make sure that Hamlet dies in one way or another. Claudius's behavior in act 4, scene 7 demonstrates his manipulative and corrupt nature.

List at least four vegetables that were found in Mr. Fitzgibbon's garden.

In the first chapter of Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH, we learn that the portion of Mr. Fitzgibbon's vegetable patch in which Mrs. Frisby makes her winter home contains beans, potatoes, black-eyed peas, and asparagus. We can also infer that parsnips and carrots are grown close to this portion of the garden, since Mrs. Frisby looks around the fence in search of these items to feed her four children. She has no luck finding green vegetables in the late winter but instead finds a stockpile of corn, nuts, and mushrooms. We're told that the cornfield is located in a far-off part of the farm, and since Mrs. Frisby looks hopefully around the fields for lettuce, we can conclude that Mr. Fitzgibbon grows that in his garden as well.

What important law has just been signed?

This is not actually mentioned outright in the story, but it is obvious from the way the narrator describes his mixed classrooms that desegregation had only recently become law in much of Texas. He gives the year 1966. Although schools in Texas began the process of desegregation in 1955, it was not until after the Mansfield School District crisis in 1965 that all schools across the state were finally desegregated. As such, in 1966, desegregation was still a relatively new phenomenon in Texas; it is evident that in this story, the white children still see the black children in their classes as a novelty, with the small number of black children in each class viewed as spectacles or curiosities. The narrator, a black boy, has internalized the racism that surrounds him to the point where he is ashamed of the behavior of other black children.

Will A from Every Day ever die?

Every day, A wakes up in a different body and lives that person's life. We don't know why or how this happens, but A gives us some information about their experience. A tells Rhiannon that as a baby, they thought everyone lived like this. At age eleven, when spending the day in the body of a boy on a ski trip, they got in an accident and broke that person's leg. This prompted them to consider the idea of death:

And if he’d died . . . I wondered if I would have died, too. There is no way for me to know. All I know is that, in a way, it doesn’t matter. Whether I die or just wake up the next morning as if nothing happened, the fact of the death will destroy me.

So we see that A ages, and perhaps therefore could die of old age once they grow old. But we don't really know for sure how A exists and whether A is immortal or not.
When A meets "Reverend Poole" later in the story, A realizes that there are others out there, with the potential power to stay in the same body for more than one day. The person possessing Poole says

You have no idea the power that you possess.

This leaves us questioning if that power includes immortality, but A is very careful about not harming the bodies they possess and does not want to interfere too much. Levithan does not give us a clear answer.

Which of the four reasons were the most significant for American involvement in WWI?

America joined the war for four main reasons:
1.  German unrestricted submarine warfare was sinking American neutral vessels that were trading the Britain and France.  America almost joined the war over the loss of 128 American lives when a German U-boat sank the Lusitania in 1915.  Germany was forced to back away from its policy of sinking all vessels in British waters, but by 1917 Germany resumed this practice in order to try to win the war.  
2. The Zimmerman note, which was a secret deal between the German Empire and Mexico that would mean Mexico declaring war on America long enough to distract the United States from the larger war in Europe.  Germany pledged support, and after the war Mexico would receive the lands lost during the Mexican War fought against America from 1846-1848.  While the German government in Berlin was probably never aware of Ambassador Zimmerman's plan to make Mexico a nominal Central Power ally, British intelligence delivered the note to Washington, and furthered the idea that Germany could not be trusted.  
3. American war loans to the Allies would be in danger of not being paid back if the Allies lost the war.  Millions of dollars of aid in the form of loans and weapons sales were going to the Allied Powers well before 1917.  Germany appeared close to victory in late 1916 and early 1917, with Russia reeling in the East and the French military having mutinies on the Western Front.  Something had to be done to ensure that America's financiers received their money back with interest.  
4. Allied propaganda ensured that only one side of the story of the war was told.  Early in the war, the British cut the German telegraph cable to America.  From that point, the British ensured that only Allied war news was spread.  When Germany invaded Belgium, Americans heard of Germans attacking and enslaving civilians, when in reality this practice was not as widespread as reported.