What did Shays' Rebellion have to do with the United States abandoning the confederation form of government?

The federal government created by the Articles of Confederation was a weak one. This was done because many people were afraid that a strong federal government would be too powerful and may abuse the powers it had. However, by creating a weak federal government, problems arose.
One problem the federal government faced was financial. Because the federal government couldn’t tax, it had a hard time paying its debts. Another issue was that other countries were pushing us around. There wasn’t much we could do about this because the federal government couldn’t force people to join the military. Our military was in no position to fight Spain or Great Britain over their interference with our trade.
A third issue was that the federal government couldn’t keep order. When farmers in Massachusetts rebelled because they were losing their farms when they couldn’t pay their mortgages, the federal government did nothing to end the uprising, which was known as Shays' Rebellion. The state militia had to step in and end the conflict. The lack of action on the part of the federal government during this crisis, along with the other issues that existed, convinced many people that a new plan of government was needed. The new plan gave more power to the federal government.
https://www.history.com/topics/early-us/shays-rebellion

A substance changes from a solid to a liquid during the process of melting. What happens to the temperature and arrangement of the particles in the substances as it melts?

First of all you need to understand that molecules have motion.  All molecules higher than the temperature of absolute zero (0 degrees Kelvin) move in proportion to their temperature.  In other words, hot molecules will have a higher degree of motion than cold molecules.  When a solid is heated up, its molecules will absorb that energy and increase their molecular motion.  So as the material goes from a solid to a liquid, the molecular motion increases as does the space between the molecules.  This increased space and motion is what allows a liquid to be less dense than a solid (in general) and allows it to move spontaneously to fill the space of its container.  Continued heating will allow the liquid to absorb even more energy and boil to become a gas, which is even less dense with more space between molecules and a higher degree of molecular motion than either a liquid or a solid.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases

In a solid, molecules are arranged in a crystalline structure and move slowly. The closer the temperature of the substance is to zero degrees Kelvin, the slower they move. The temperature of a substance increases as energy is added and absorbed. When a substance absorbs energy, the molecules within the substance increase in movement.The absorption of energy results in an increase in charge of the electrons in the outermost orbit of the molecule. This causes a more powerful repulsion between particles. There is a corresponding increase in movement with increased space between the molecules to accommodate the greater repulsion. A substance transitions from a solid to a liquid when it absorbs enough energy to surpass its melting point. A liquid will continue to absorb energy until it reaches the phase of gas.

What was in the mind of the poet when he wrote the poem "The Road Not Taken"?

When asked if he would reveal the intended meanings in his poems, Robert Frost replied, "If I wanted you to know I'd had told you in the poem." So, no one really knows the hidden meaning of "The Road Not Taken." 
One thing that is known about this poem by Frost is that he composed it shortly after returning home in the United States from his trip to England, where he accompanied his fellow poet and friend, Edward Thomas on walks. This friend would often take Frost with him on woodland strolls where Thomas would be very indecisive about which path to take. He would worry that, perhaps, he had chosen the wrong path as another might have had more fauna and flora.
At any rate, Edward was rather indecisive. So, he certainly fits the character of the poem's speaker who suffers in the second stanza as he deliberates over his decision to take the "other" path that was "just as fair"--

And having perhaps the better claim,Because it was grassy and wanted wear;Though as for that the passing thereHad worn them really about the same

Still, the power of poetry is that it speaks to the heart, and there are always various meanings that different people derive from poems. So, while Frost may have had some fun writing about this friend, he also may have intended for his readers to think of the metaphoric meaning of his poem as one about life's choices and their profound affect upon people. After all, in 1961 Frost did say that "The Road Not Taken" is “a tricky poem, very tricky.”
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/poetryeverywhere/frost.html

Look at Amichai's "Tourists" and discuss how it demonstrates postmodernism.

The first step to answering this question is to define “postmodernism” as it relates to literary art. Essentially, postmodernism is a style or trend of writing that followed after World War II, although it is believed that poetry written today could also be considered postmodern. Adjectives often associated with this style include “dark,” “political,” “questioning,” and “fragmented,” among others.
The author of “Tourists,” Yhuda Amichai, was born in Germany, but moved to the Middle East as a small child. He is known as a Hebrew poet and he lived most of his life in Jerusalem. He fought with the Israeli forces and served in World War II. As such, some of his poetry is informed by these experiences. He believed that poetry was political. A key to understanding “Tourists” is to understand Amichai’s background and the time in which he wrote the poem.
Given this context, let us consider what postmodern qualities the poem has. Amichai starts off by asking the reader to look at how he sees “them”—the tourists to Jerusalem. In blank free verse, common in postmodern poetry, he narrates his observations of the tourists who have come to his city to “squat at the Holocaust Memorial.” Although the tourists put on “grave faces at the Wailing Wall,” they return to their hotels and forget the experience, “laughing” at the good times they are having on their vacation instead of holding on to the sacredness and horror of the Holocaust. Amichai continues to guess what the tourists are doing elsewhere in Jerusalem—seeing historical sites that have great consequence to the Jewish people—yet going about their daily activities, even the mundane ones such as drying underwear in their hotel rooms so they can sightsee the next day. Postmodern writers often react to an observation. Amichai is not only reacting to how he is observing the tourists, but also reacting to how the tourists are reacting to what they are seeing.
A sudden shift appears in both the style and perspective in the second part of the poem. Suddenly, Amichai, the narrator himself, inserts himself into the poem as one of the objects being observed by the tourists. This part of the poem is written with longer lines than the first part, as if the narrator wants us to head toward something that is important. Again, Amichai is critical of what he observes. The tourists are listening to their guide, ready for their leader to point out an interesting part of history. Amichai readies himself and wants to give the guide a chance to make things right by saying, “I said to myself: redemption will come only if their guide tells them,” meaning if the guide truly explains the significance of the arch and its place in Jerusalem, he will justify his job. But the guide fails, saying

You see that arch from the Roman period? It's not important: but next to it,
left and down a bit, there sits a man who's bought fruit and vegetables for his family.

The guide focuses on what he or she believes is relevant about the city, but it turns out it that the man buying food for his family is actually inconsequential to Jerusalem’s history. In postmodern style, Amichai shares his frustration with not only the people coming to see his city, but the guide who should know the weight of history on the sacred city better than most. This is a paradox, another critical element in postmodern literature. How absurd it seems to the narrator that the tourists and the guide are seeing, but not really seeing.

"Tourists," by Yehuda Amichai, demonstrates a number of the traits seen to characterize postmodern poetry. To begin with, the verse form of the poem does not adhere to any standard structures; Amichai uses blank free verse, divided into two sections (not strictly stanzas). The first section has some continuity in terms of line length and rhythm; the second section is effectively prose, with seemingly arbitrary line breaks. This type of stream-of-consciousness poetry is typical of postmodern pieces; the break between the first and second sections indicates a shift in the direction of the poet's thoughts, moving from general observations about tourists towards a specific recollection ("Once I sat on the steps").
Another feature of postmodern poetry is a focus on the meaninglessness of life, and the suggestion that nothing truly endures. This is certainly a theme of "Tourists." The poet reflects on the meaningless "visits of condolence" received at Jewish memorials by tourists who want only "to have their pictures taken." The suggestion is that these grave memorials to Jewish loss have become unimportant to those who visit them, because they do not understand their implications in human terms. In the final section, the poet underscores this by suggesting that tour guides pick out what they feel to be the enduring features of old buildings but thus make them difficult to relate to:

I said to myself: redemption will come only if their guide tells them,"You see that arch from the Roman period? It's not important: but next to it,left and down a bit, there sits a man who's bought fruit and vegetables for his family."

Explain the differences between the Articles of Confederation and by the U.S. Constitution.

The Articles of Confederation (AOC) crucially lacked the authority to raise revenue through taxation, or coin money, and thus could not fund a well-trained or well-equipped army, or create a navy. The Articles of Confederation did create a unicameral legislature, as opposed to the bicameral one later created by the Constitution (with the Senate and House of Representatives), but this unicameral body lacked the ability to raise revenue and appropriate spending. Consequently, the legislative body created by the AOC was extremely limited in its ability to govern.
Luckily, the Articles of Confederation did appoint George Washington as the head of the Continental Army, but it did not create an executive branch of government, so it lacked a clear leader who could mediate differences that arose within the single legislative branch. That said, this kind of mediation was less necessary with regard to the AOC, since the AOC's main objective was to unite the colonies for the purposes of fighting the British, and not to create a new government. In fact, it was not clear at the time that the delegates from the thirteen colonies truly wanted or needed a strong central government. This is perhaps the biggest difference between the AOC and the Constitution. The former was a quickly drafted agreement meant as a placeholder to help the colonists organize their war effort, whereas the Constitution was drawn up after the war had ended, and the business of governing a new nation was paramount.
 
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/articles

Intermediate Algebra, Chapter 4, 4.2, Section 4.2, Problem 2

Show that the ordered triple $(-3,1,6)$ is also a solution of equations
$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

x + 7y - 3z =& -14
&& \text{Equation 2}
\\
2x - 3y + 2z =& 3
&& \text{Equation 3}

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$.



$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}

x + 7y - 3z =& - 14
&& \text{Equation 2}
\\
-3 + 7(1) - 3(6) =& -14
&& \text{Substitute $x = -3, y = 1$ and $z = 6$}
\\
-3 + 7 - 18 =& -14
&& \text{Multiply}
\\
-14 =& -14
&& \text{True}
\\
\\
\\
2x - 3y + 2z =& 3
&& \text{Equation 3}
\\
2(-3) - 3(1) + 2(6) =& 3
&& \text{Substitute $x = -3, y = 1$ and $z = 6$}
\\
-6-3 + 12 =& 3
&& \text{Multiply}
\\
3 =& 3
&& \text{True}

\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
$


It shows that the ordered triple $(-3,1,6)$ is also a solution to equation 2 and equation 3.

What would be the fastest way to send a message across America in 1850?

A first thought would be via telegram, but although a telegraph line was established in the United States as early 1844, no telegraph to California was available in 1850: that would come a few years later. However, a person could use the U.S. postal service to mail a letter, since the post office started service to California in November, 1848. By late December, 1848, steamships were carrying letters to California from New York. The steamships would travel from New York to Panama, then, as the Panama Canal was not yet dug, canoes or pack animals carried the mail to the Pacific Ocean (about 50 miles away), where the letters would be loaded on to a waiting ship and carried up to California. As you might imagine, this process was not speedy, especially if you first had to get your letter to New York: there was no overnight communication across America in the year 1850.