Certainly, the timing of the letter would dictate how Ralph would respond. Let's say that the letter-writing occurs after they are rescued—after all, there are no pens, pencils, or paper on the island.
Having had time to digest everything that's happened, it's hard to say what Ralph would write. Perhaps he would remain furious and outraged (particularly at Jack and Roger) for their roles in the deaths of Simon and Piggy. Or, perhaps, in some benevolent epiphany, Ralph would offer forgiveness and end with some kind of wisdom that the beast is in all of us and that we must choose the righteous path rather than succumb to savage instinct. Does Ralph condemn them (personally in the letter and/or to adults in authority), or does he offer understanding? Or is it something else?
Maybe Ralph would use the letter as an attempt to make Jack realize what he'd done. He could write tributes to Simon and Piggy. This would be kind of a guilt trip but also a way to honor Simon and Piggy. He could offer some allegory indicating that Jack's leadership resembled that of a dictator more than a protective leader. If Ralph chose this way of composing a letter, it would be interesting if he still tried to "save" Jack. It would really be a profound and benevolent gesture. Using the guilt trip or allegorical reasoning or some other tactic, maybe Ralph would try to make Jack see the error of his ways. Maybe the letter could be a tool to prevent future (adult) Jack from repeating the sins of Jack the child. It could be a lesson in ethics and reason: another tribute to Simon and Piggy.
If Ralph's going to write a letter to Jack, he needs to have something to say. The best time for that would be after the boys have been rescued and they've both had a chance to cool down and take stock of their experiences on the island. I can't tell you exactly what you should write, but at the very least Ralph would need to call out Jack for his appalling behavior. He wasn't able to do this while they were still on the island; it would've been way too dangerous, and in any case, Jack wouldn't have listened to reason.
As well as challenging Jack's behavior, I think that Ralph would want to understand exactly why Jack did what he did. What was going through his mind when he did all those terrible things? If Jack remains as unpleasant as he was on the island, then it's unlikely that Ralph will get a response. But at the very least he should try to get an answer out of him, as Jack has a lot to answer for.
It would be best to analyze Ralph and Jack's relationship throughout the novel before drafting the letter and take into consideration which stage of the story Ralph would be addressing Jack from. The two characters feel differently about one another as the novel progresses. In the beginning of the novel, Ralph gets along well with Jack. If Ralph was writing a letter to Jack at the beginning of the story, he would probably generously ask for Jack's opinion and help lead the group of boys. Ralph would more than likely have an open mind to Jack's ideas and would appreciate feedback from him.
As the story advances, Jack becomes increasingly jealous of Ralph and attempts to usurp his power. Ralph quickly becomes frustrated and agitated when dealing with Jack. Ralph realizes that Jack is a jealous, polarizing figure who is trying to gain power. If Ralph were to write Jack a letter in the middle of the story, it would be best for Ralph to threaten Jack with punishment for his insubordination. Ralph would have to assert his power by setting clear limits and addressing Jack's negative behavior. Ralph would also benefit from attempting to include Jack in some of his future decisions to appease his thirst for power.
By the end of the novel, Jack is a tyrannical leader who is attempting to hunt and kill Ralph. If Ralph were writing him a letter at the end of the novel, it is possible that Ralph would probably beg for mercy and agree to become a subordinate member of Jack's tribe in order to survive.
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