Scrooge realizes that he doesn't have much time left to save his soul, so as the dawn approaches, he wants the Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come to get on with it and show him whatever he has to show him. There's a reason for the Ghost's being there, just as there was for the previous two, and Scrooge knows that he has to get the full picture of what the spirits have to teach him in the wee hours before the sun comes up on Christmas morning.
Scrooge has wasted his life in the headlong pursuit of riches. As a mean old miser, he always looked at time in a quantitative sense, that is, as a collection of seconds, minutes, and hours. Time was money, nothing more. But now he's finally come to realize time's qualitative dimension—that time is defined by its quality as much as its quantity. Scrooge now wants to make every second count before the sunrise, hence his anxiety to get things done as quickly as possible.
Scrooge makes this statement to the Ghost of Christmas Future. Scrooge has already experienced the wisdom offered by the two other ghosts and has been moved what they have shown him. He now knows that the ghosts mean him good, not harm, and he understands that though he is afraid of what this ghost might reveal to him, it will help him. He is thankful for the ghost's presence.
However, Scrooge also knows that he has spent a lot of time with the other two ghosts, and he must sense that dawn is coming. This is what he means when he says the night is waning fast. He realizes that spirits like ghosts disappear when the sun rises. Because he is anxious to learn what this ghost has to teach him, he wants to hurry him along—what time they have is "precious," or valuable, Scrooge says.
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