The Integral test is applicable if f is positive and decreasing function on infinite interval [k, oo) where kgt= 1 and a_n=f(x) . Then the series sum_(n=k)^oo a_n converges if and only if the improper integral int_k^oo f(x) dx converges. If the integral diverges then the series also diverges.
For the given series sum_(n=1)^oo ln(n)/n^2 , the a_n =ln(n)/n^2 .
Then applying a_n=f(x) , we consider:
f(x) =ln(x)/x^2
The graph of f(x) is:
As shown on the graph, f is positive on the finite interval [1,oo) . To verify of the function will eventually decreases on the given interval, we may consider derivative of the function.
Apply Quotient rule for derivative: d/dx(u/v) = (u'* v- v'*u)/v^2 .
Let u = ln(x) then u' = 1/x
v = x^2 then v' = 2x
Applying the formula,we get:
f'(x) = (1/x*x^2- 2x*ln(x))/(x^2)^2
= (x-2xln(x))/x^4
=(1-2ln(x))/x^3
Note that 1-2ln(x) lt0 for larger values of x which means f'(x) lt0 .Based on the First derivative test, if f'(x) has a negative value then the function f(x) is decreasing for a given interval I . This confirms that the function is ultimately decreasing as x-gt oo . Therefore, we may apply the Integral test to confirm the convergence or divergence of the given series.
We may determine the convergence or divergence of the improper integral as:
int_1^oo ln(x)/x^2dx= lim_(t-gtoo)int_1^t ln(x)/x^2dx
To determine the indefinite integral of int_1^t ln(x)/x^2dx , we may apply integration by parts: int u *dv = u*v - int v* du
u = ln(x) then du = 1/x dx .
dv = 1/x^2dx then v= int 1/x^2dx = -1/x
Note: To determine v, apply Power rule for integration int x^n dx = x^(n+1)/(n+1).
int 1/x^2dx =int x^(-2)dx
=x^(-2+1)/(-2+1)
= x^(-1)/(-1)
= -1/x
The integral becomes:
int ln(x)/x^2dx=ln(x)(-1/x) - int (-1/x)*1/xdx
= -ln(x)/x - int -1/x^2dx
=-ln(x)/x + int 1/x^2dx
=-ln(x)/x + (-1/x)
= -ln(x)/x -1/x
Apply definite integral formula: F(x)|_a^b = F(b) - F(a) .
-ln(x)/x -1/x|_1^t =[-ln(t)/t -1/t] -[-ln(1)/1-1/1]
=[-ln(t)/t -1/t] -[-0-1]
=[-ln(t)/t -1/t] -[-1]
= -ln(t)/t -1/t +1
Apply int_1^tln(x)/x^2dx= -ln(t)/t -1/t +1 , we get:
lim_(t-gtoo)int_1^tln(x)/x^2dx=lim_(t-gtoo) [-ln(t)/t -1/t +1]
= -0 -0 +1
= 1
Note: lim_(t-gtoo) 1=1
lim_(t-gtoo) 1/t = 1/oo or 0
lim_(t-gtoo) -ln(t)/t =[lim_(t-gtoo) -ln(t)]/[lim_(t-gtoo) t]
=-oo/oo
Apply L' Hospitals rule:
lim_(t-gtoo) -ln(t)/t =lim_(t-gtoo) -(1/t)/1
=lim_(t-gtoo) -1/t
= -1/oo or 0
The lim_(t-gtoo)int_1^tln(x)/x^2dx =1 implies that the integral converges.
Conclusion: The integral int_1^oo ln(x)/x^2dx is convergent therefore the series sum_(n=1)^ooln(n)/n^2 must also be convergent.
Saturday, October 27, 2012
sum_(n=1)^oo ln(n)/n^2 Confirm that the Integral Test can be applied to the series. Then use the Integral Test to determine the convergence or divergence of the series.
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
Summarize the major research findings of "Toward an experimental ecology of human development."
Based on findings of prior research, the author, Bronfenbrenner proposes that methods for natural observation research have been applied in ...
-
One way to support this thesis is to explain how these great men changed the world. Indeed, Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) was the quintes...
-
At the most basic level, thunderstorms and blizzards are specific weather phenomena that occur most frequently within particular seasonal cl...
-
x=4cost y=2sint First, take the derivative of x and y with respect to t. dx/dt=-4sint dy/dt=2cost Then, determine the first derivative dy/dx...
-
Ethno-nationalism is defined as "advocacy of or support for the political interests of a particular ethnic group, especially its nation...
-
Both boys are very charismatic and use their charisma to persuade others to follow them. The key difference of course is that Ralph uses his...
-
Find the indefinite integral $\displaystyle \int \sec^4 \left( \frac{x}{2} \right) dx$. Illustrate by graphing both the integrand and its an...
-
The most basic attitude difference between Mr. Otis and Lord Canterville is their attitude toward the ghost. The attitude difference start...
No comments:
Post a Comment